Formant amplifier

ABSTRACT

A method can include receiving audio data within a band of frequencies; amplifying individualized formant frequencies within the band of frequencies; and outputting audio data that includes at least one of the amplified individualized formant frequencies. Various other apparatuses, systems, methods, etc., are also disclosed.

TECHNICAL FIELD

Subject matter disclosed herein generally relates to sound technologies.

BACKGROUND

Speech may be conveyed as acoustic energy (e.g., via longitudinal waves)where certain speech sounds include concentrated energy that may be, forexample, characterized with respect to frequency. Various examples oftechnologies, techniques described herein pertain sound, for example,processing of sound, etc.

SUMMARY

A method can include receiving audio data within a band of frequencies;amplifying individualized formant frequencies within the band offrequencies; and outputting audio data that includes at least one of theamplified individualized formant frequencies. Various other apparatuses,systems, methods, etc., are also disclosed.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Features and advantages of the described implementations can be morereadily understood by reference to the following description taken inconjunction with examples of the accompanying drawings.

FIG. 1 is a diagram of example constituents of the vocal organ;

FIG. 2 is a series of diagrams of an example of a framework;

FIG. 3 is a diagram of an example of a method;

FIG. 4 is a diagram of an example of a method;

FIG. 5 is a diagram of an example of a plot and an example of a table;

FIG. 6 is a diagram of an example of a plot and examples of sounds;

FIG. 7 is a diagram of an example of a technique;

FIG. 8 is a diagram of an example of an individualized formant space andan example of a plot of individualized formant frequency gain;

FIG. 9 is a diagram of examples of circuitry and examples of parameters;

FIG. 10 is a diagram of an example of a system;

FIG. 11 is a diagram of an example of a device; and

FIG. 12 is a diagram of an example of a system that includes one or moreprocessors.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following description includes the best mode presently contemplatedfor practicing the described implementations. This description is not tobe taken in a limiting sense, but rather is made merely for the purposeof describing general principles of various implementations. The scopeof invention should be ascertained with reference to issued claims.

Speech recognition may include translation of audio signals to text,commands, etc. For example, consider an utterance acquired as an audiosignal via a pressure sensor such as a microphone. Such an audio signalmay be analyzed for one or more characteristics to identify theutterance (e.g., recognize the utterance), which may then be usedinitiate further action (e.g., presentation of text, command of adevice, etc.). As an example, an utterance may be defined as a unit ofspeech, which may be bounded (e.g., by a speaker's silence). As anexample, an utterance may be a sound or sounds.

Speech recognition may include one or more grammars, for example, foranalysis of audio signals that correspond to units of speech (e.g., aseries of utterances). As an example, a grammar may be a set ofstructural rules that, for example, govern composition of clauses,phrases, and words in a language. As an example, a language may be acommand oriented language such as, for example, to command operation ofa device (e.g., a vehicle, a computer, etc.).

Speech recognition performance may depend on various factors. As anexample, noise may interfere with analysis of one or morecharacteristics of an audio signal by a speech recognition system, whichmay be expected to perform in an environment that includes noise (e.g.,ambient noise, machine noise, audio signal noise from other speakers,etc.).

As an example, a method may include receiving audio data (e.g.,representative of audio signals), amplifying individualized portions ofthe audio data and outputting audio data that includes at least one ofthe amplified individualized portions. Such a method may act tofacilitate analysis of one or more characteristics of the audio data,for example, to enhance speech recognition. For example, such a methodmay improve signal-to-noise ratio with respect to a unit or units ofspeech (e.g., at least in part by amplifying audio data associated witha unit or units of an individual's speech).

FIG. 1 illustrates an example of three constituents of the vocal organ100 of a human with respect to function 110, organ 120, activity 130 andmajor agents 140. A human may produce sound using an actuator (e.g., acompressor), a vibrator and a resonator (e.g., a filter) as well as anarticulator and the brain/nervous system (e.g., as the motivator of thevocal process). In humans, the actuator may include the lungs, which arefor respiration, for example, via action of the abdominal muscles andthe diaphragm. The lungs may act to compress air that may be expired viathe trachea and the larynx, which includes the vocal folds. The vocalfolds can act as an oscillator (e.g., a vibrator) that can convert anairstream to a sequence of air pulses that correspond to a voice source(e.g., vocal-fold vibration). The vocal tract may act as part of aresonator mechanism that can then enhance acoustic properties, forexample, of air pulses generated by an airstream passing through thevocal folds. Articulation may be achieved, for example, via organs ofspeech (e.g., tongue, jaw, cheeks, teeth, lips, hard palate, softpalate, alveolar ridges, etc.). The human voice may be considered anatural instrument that includes an articulator capable of producing awide variety of sounds.

As humans vary in their physiology and experiences in life (e.g.,culture, training, etc.), speech generated via the vocal organ of anindividual may include certain features that are characteristics of thatindividual. In other words, speech may be at least in partindividualized.

As an example, speech may be characterized using a framework, which maybe referred to as the vowel trapezoid, which may be, as an example, apolygon such as a quadrilateral (e.g., optionally lacking parallelsides). In other words, a “vowel trapezoid” may be considered a phrasethat describes a concept, an aspect of a framework, etc. rather than astrict geometric shape.

FIG. 2 shows an example of a vowel trapezoid framework 200 that isdefined in part by human physiology, particularly, physiology associatedwith articulation, as illustrated by an approximate diagram of a human201 with a vowel trapezoid overlaid thereon.

As an example, a vowel may be defined as a speech sound. A speech soundmay be an utterance. A speech sound may be a phoneme. As an example,vowels may be considered as being different tonal spectra (e.g., colorsand timbres) that can be produced with no constrictions in the vocaltract. For example, vowel resonation may be dependent upon tuning thevocal tract cavities, either separately or as a unit. In general, for aparticular language, each vowel may be recognized at least in part bythe human ear (e.g., optionally electronically aided) as having specificacoustical properties as created by a corresponding configuration of thevocal tract. As an example, in the English language, vowels may make upabout 40 percent of all speech sounds; noting that in classical singing,the percentage tends to be higher (e.g., over 90 percent). Accordingly,as vowels play an important role in classical singing, a classicalsinger may generate vowel sounds that differ somewhat from those of ageneral population (e.g., due to training, development, etc.). As anexample, with respect to a musical scale, for a singer, vowel sounds maybe shifted in frequency (e.g., to sound different notes of a scale).

The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is a standardized system fortransliterating speech sounds into phonetic symbols. Such symbols may beused in conjunction with a framework such as, for example, the voweltrapezoid framework 200 of FIG. 2. Further, as an example, a frameworkmay include quantitative information such as frequencies (e.g., inhertz, etc.). Frequencies may allow for characterization of speechsounds such as vowels, for example, based in part on formants.

As an example, a formant may be a region of concentrated acoustic energyin a speech sound. Formants may be resonance characteristics inherentwithin an individual's vocal tract. In classical singing, a singer maypossibly modify the shape of the vocal tract, for example, to generate aparticular speech sound. In the general population, an individual'svocal tract may be expected to be relatively consistent in shape, forexample, for a particular environment (e.g., sitting at a desk, drivinga car, walking down the street, etc.).

With respect to a frequency spectrum, formants may be regions offrequencies with relatively high acoustic energy. While a human mayperceive a frequency spectrum over a band of frequencies, as an example,for a vowel, that human may rely more on the lowest two formantfrequencies of that vowel for purposes of perception (e.g., humanrecognition).

As an example, a formant framework may include a first formant, a secondformant, a third formant and a fourth formant. As an example, a firstformant may be associated with tongue height and jaw opening and asecond formant may be associated with front or back tongue positioning.As an example, consider the vowel “i”, which may, upon being spoken,include a first formant centered at about 350 Hz and a second formantcentered at about 2500 Hz. As indicated in the vowel trapezoid framework200 of FIG. 2, the vowel “i” is shown as being an extremum, involvingthe hard palate and the front of the mouth (e.g., “front-close”) as toshaping and sensing.

FIG. 3 shows an example of a method 300 that includes a reception block310 for receiving audio data within a band of frequencies; anamplification block 320 for amplifying individualized formantfrequencies within the band of frequencies; and an output block 330 foroutputting audio data that includes at least one of the amplifiedindividualized formant frequencies.

As shown in FIG. 3, the method 300 may include accessing information foran individual where such information includes frequencies associatedwith that individual. For example, for an Individual 1, information mayinclude a listing of first formant frequencies and a listing of secondformant frequencies where the listings correspond to first and secondformants of a first vowel, first and second formants of a second vowel,etc. As an example, information for an Individual 2 may differ from thatof the Individual 1. As an example, information for an individual may bebased on an analysis of speech samples from that individual.Accordingly, in such an example, the information may be individualized(e.g., the information may include individualized formant frequencies).

FIG. 4 shows an example of a method 400 that includes a reception block410 for receiving audio data that includes formant frequencies for anindividual, a generation block 420 for generating a model forindividualized formant frequencies based at least in part on thereceived audio data (e.g., at least a portion of the received audiodata), and an output block 430 for outputting a model for individualizedformant frequencies (e.g., for the individual). As shown in FIG. 4, themethod 400 may optionally be applied for audio data for multipleindividuals (see, e.g., blocks for Individual 1, Individual 2, etc.).

FIG. 5 shows an example of a plot 510 and an example of a table 520. Asshown, the plot 510 includes an axis labeled Formant F1 ranging fromabout 200 Hz to about 800 Hz and an axis labeled Formant F2 ranging fromabout 500 Hz to about 2500 Hz. Such a plot may define a formant space.As an example, one or more additional formants may be added, forexample, via one or more corresponding additional axes, dimensions, etc.The table 520 includes various sounds and first formant and secondformant frequencies for the sounds. As an example, the IPA may be usedand/or another convention to label sounds. For example, the plot 510includes some IPA labels (e.g., ₃,

, etc.) while the table 520 includes some other types of sounddescriptors (e.g., “backwards epsilon”, which, in IPA is “₃”; “caret”,which, in IPA is “

”, etc.).

As mentioned with respect to the vowel trapezoid framework 200 of FIG.2, various sounds may be classified with respect to positions in a voweltrapezoid (e.g., front-central-back, close-mid-open; front-central-back,high-mid-low; etc.). As an example, a close classification may befurther classified as upper close and lower close, a mid classificationmay be further classified as upper mid and lower mid, and an openclassification may be further classified as upper open and lower open.

As an example, a classification scheme may include terms such as, forexample, rounded and unrounded. In such an example, rounded may refer torounding of the lips (e.g., as part of articulation); whereas, unroundedmay refer to lack of rounding of the lips (e.g., as part ofarticulation). As an example, a classification scheme may include termssuch as, for example, tense and lax. In such an example, tense may referto close (e.g., or closed) types of sounds, which may include moreactive involvement of the tongue; whereas, lax may refer to open (e.g.,or opened) types of sounds, which may involve less tongue elevation.

FIG. 6 shows an example of a plot 610 and examples of some sounds 630identified in the plot 610. As an example, the plot 610 may be a plot ofmodel data, for example, formant frequency data with respect to aformant frequency space. As an example, the sounds 630 may be samplesounds that may be used to form an individualized model. For example,audio data may include the sounds 630 for an individual where the audiodata may be input to a system that generates an individualized modelbased at least in part on the audio data. As an example, a modelgeneration technique may include adjusting a model based on one or morepositions of a sampled sound in a formant frequency space.

In the example of FIG. 6, the sounds 630 include a lower mid, centralunrounded sound (e.g., in IPA ₃); a lower mid, back unrounded sound(e.g., in IPA

); and a lower high, back rounded sound (e.g., in IPA

). As an example, an individualized model may be based at least in parton one of the sounds 630. As an example, individualized formantfrequencies may be based at least in part on one of the sounds 630.

FIG. 7 shows an example of a model generation technique 700. In theexample of FIG. 7, a base model is provided whereby input of formantscan be used to generate an individualized model. For example, anindividualized model may be formed at least in part by shifting one ormore formants of a sound in a formant space to one or more new locationsin the formant space. In such an example, the shift or shifts may be torepresent formants as individualized formants in a formant space.

As an example, an individualized model may be generated, at least inpart, by determining one or more differences between formants of a soundin a base model and measured formants of the sound for an individual.For example, an individualized model may be generated by shifting one ormore sounds of a base model to “match” one or more of the sounds 630 ofFIG. 6. In such an example, shifting may generate an individualizedmodel. As an example, a least squares or other error minimizationtechnique may be applied for matching. As an example, a technique mayinclude inputting at least two points and shifting a base model based atleast in part on the at least two points to output an individualizedmodel.

As an example, an individualized model may be formed via a method thatincludes analyzing utterances, for example, in the context of a voweltrapezoid framework. In such an example, a few detected utterances(e.g., sounds, words, etc.) may be acquired, received, etc. as a samplethat may be analyzed to determine a mode of formative sounds within thesample. As an example, a sample may include as few as three words, whichmay include particular sounds for purposes of determining anindividualized mode. In such an example, an individualized model may beconstructed based at least in part on the individualized mode. As anexample, an individualized mode may be a sample of sounds represented ina formant space, for example, according to a vowel trapezoid framework.As an example, an individualized mode may include a spectrum thatincludes spectral peaks for one or more sounds produced by anindividual.

As an example, a method may implement circuitry for constructing anindividualized model. For example, circuitry may perform a sweep orsweeps of low, high, and noise reducing filters as to an individualizedmode (e.g., a spectrum). In such an example, outputs of the sweep orsweeps may be analyzed with an aim to avoid or minimize aliasingartifacts that could possibly be introduced into one or more regions ofa spectrum, for example, where formants occur or may occur. As anexample, a method may implement circuitry for checking signal quality,for example, to help ensure that a reduction in signal quality in one ormore formant frequencies is avoided or minimized (e.g., to an acceptablelevel). As an example, a method may include outputting one or morevalues of one or more parameters based at least in part on a sweep orsweeps (e.g., of an individualized mode). In such an example, the one ormore values may be applied (e.g., as circuitry), for example, to producea least amount of distortion and a largest amount of noise reduction.Such circuitry may be applied to audio signals, data, etc., for example,for purposes of speech recognition. For example, such circuitry mayperform one or more of filtering and amplifying audio signals, data,etc. As an example, circuitry may include digital signal processing(DSP) circuitry, for example, that may be configured to implement one ormore filters, amplifiers, etc. and, for example, that may be configuredto adjust, select, etc. one or more parameters associated withprocessing signals (e.g., processing audio signals as digital data).

FIG. 8 shows an example of an individualized formant space 810, whichmay correspond to an individualized model, an example of a plot 812illustrative of amplitude versus frequency for a sound, and an exampleof a plot of individualized formant frequency gain 830. As shown in theexample of FIG. 8, various sounds are associated with first and secondformant frequencies. As an example, an amplifier may be configured toapply a gain or gains to first and second formant frequencies ofparticular sounds (see, e.g., the plot 830). In such an example, theamplifier may act to diminish (e.g., filter out) frequencies that do notcorrespond to a first formant or a second formant of a sound (e.g., orcollection thereof for a plurality of sounds). As an example, first andsecond formant frequencies of a sound may be first and second formantfrequencies of a vowel (e.g., the sound may be a vowel). While theexample of FIG. 8 shows first and second formant frequencies as beingamplified for two sounds, an amplifier (e.g., a device or system) may beconfigured to amplify first and second formant frequencies for one ormore of the other sounds illustrated in the individualized formant space810.

As an example, a gain may be at a particular level (e.g., amplificationfactor, dB, etc.) that may optionally be individualized to a formant,optionally with respect to another formant. As an example, a firstformant of a sound may be amplified by a corresponding gain and a secondformant of a sound may be amplified by a corresponding gain, which maydiffer from the gain of the first formant of the sound. As an example,an amplifier may be configured with respect to a relationship betweenspectral peaks for two or more formants. For example, a first formant ofa sound for an individual may have a spectral peak amplitude thatexceeds that of a second formant of the sound for the individual. Insuch an example, an amplifier may apply gain in a manner that acts tomaintain (e.g., preserve) a relationship between amplitudes of thespectral peaks (e.g., the spectral peak for the first formant and thespectral peak for the second formant). As an example, a parameter for afirst formant and a second formant of a vowel may be a ratio that may bebased at least in part on peak amplitudes).

As an example, a spectrum for a sound (e.g., an utterance, a vowel, aunit, etc.) may include multiple spectral peaks over a range offrequencies (see, e.g., the plot 812). As an example, circuitry mayprocess a spectrum that may be emitted over a period of time (e.g., aspectrogram), for example, where the period of time corresponds toduration of a sound. In such an example, spectral peaks may be amplifiedand, for example, portions of the spectrum not corresponding to thespectral peaks may be diminished (e.g., over a spectrogram). As anexample, circuitry may amplify amplitude and diminish amplitude (e.g.,based at least in part on frequency as associated with amplitude).

FIG. 9 shows examples of circuitry 930, 950 and 970 and examples ofparameters 990. The circuitry 930 may be configured as an active bandpass filter that includes a high pass portion 934, an amplifier 938 anda low pass portion 942. For example, signals with frequencies higherthan a cutoff frequency of the high pass portion 934 may be provided tothe amplifier 938 for amplification and amplified signals may then beprovided to the low pass portion 942 where signals with frequencies lessthan a cutoff frequency of the low pass portion 942 may be output, forexample, for further processing, analysis, etc. The circuitry 950 may beconfigured as an active band pass filter and include two cutofffrequencies (e.g., fc1 and fc2) that, for example, define a frequencyband. The circuitry 970 may be configured as an infinite gain multiplefeedback active filter that includes a resonant frequency where a Qfactor may define at least in part a bandwidth about the resonantfrequency. For example, a high Q value may result in a narrowerbandwidth than a low Q value.

As shown in FIG. 9, circuitry may operate according to one or moreparameters. For example, circuitry may operate with respect to one ormore cutoff frequencies 991, one or more resonant frequencies 992, oneor more Q values 993, one or more gains 994 and/or one or more otherparameters 995.

As an example, a method may include setting a value for a parameterbased at least in part on audio data. For example, an input may receiveaudio data and circuitry may analyze audio data to determine a value orvalues for one or more parameters. In such an example, circuitry may beconstructed and/or instructed to operate according to a determinedparameter value or parameter values. As an example, circuitry mayoperate to amplify individualized formant frequencies. As an example,such circuitry may include one or more filters.

As an example, circuitry may include a low pass filter. In such anexample, the low pass filter may pass frequencies less than a maximumformant frequency, which may be a maximum second formant frequency(e.g., of sounds that each include a first formant frequency and asecond formant frequency).

As an example, circuitry may include a high pass filter. In such anexample, the high pass filter may pass frequencies greater than aminimum formant frequency, which may be a minimum first formantfrequency (e.g., of sounds where each includes a first formant frequencyand a second formant frequency).

As an example, circuitry may include a low pass filter and a high passfilter. As an example, circuitry may include a low pass filter definedby a low pass cutoff frequency, a high pass filter defined by a highpass cutoff frequency and one or more filters and/or amplifiers thatoperate on at least a portion of the frequencies between the low passcutoff frequency and the high pass cutoff frequency.

As an example, circuitry may be configured to detect a few words as asample and to analyze that sample to determine a trapezoidal mode offormative sounds within the sample. As an example, as few as three wordsmay be used to determine a trapezoidal mode (e.g., depending on theutterance). In such an example, a sweep of low, high, and noise reducingfilters may be applied to the trapezoidal mode using circuitry (e.g.,DSP, etc.). As an example, outputs of sweeps may be analyzed with a goalthat aliasing artifacts are not introduced in areas where formantsoccur. Additionally, one or more checks may be made that an unacceptablereduction in signal quality does not occurs in the formant frequencies(e.g., to a degree that may impact speech recognition, etc.). As anexample, sweep parameters that produce a least amount of distortion anda largest amount of noise reduction may be used for subsequent filtering(e.g., of audio signals, digital audio data, etc.). In such an example,the parameters may be considered to be individualized, for example, ascorresponding to an individual that produced the sample sounds.

As an example, circuitry may implement one or more statisticalprocessing techniques to process one or more samples, for example, todetermine one or more parameters (e.g., for subsequent implementation).As an example, a statistical processing technique may include a networkmodel or other type of model. As an example, a processing technique mayimplement one or more of a neural network model, a Hidden Markov Model,etc. As an example, a method may include model training and modelimplementation (e.g., of a trained model). As an example, a model maymodel one or more circuits (e.g., amplification, filtering, etc.).

FIG. 10 shows an example of a system 1000 that includes a network 1001(e.g., the Internet, the cloud, an intranet, etc.) that may beoperatively coupled to data 1002 (e.g., a data storage), information asto one or more models 1004 and/or information as to one or morelanguages 1006. As an example, a device 1010 may include an input 1012,a model 1014, an output 1016, a speech recognition engine 1030 and oneor more applications 1050. As an example, the device 1010 may accessinformation via the network 1001, transmit information via the network1001, etc.

As an example, the device 1010 may acquire audio data locally andtransmit the audio data to a remote location, for example, forprocessing. In such an example, the device 1010 may receive a modelbased at least in part on the remote processing. As an example, thedevice 1010 may implement the model using circuitry, for example, toprocess audio data, for example, for purposes of speech recognition.

As an example, the speech recognition engine 1030 may include circuitrythat can implement a method that includes a match block 1032 that canaccess one or more grammars 1033 for matching utterances to a grammar,an assignment block 1034 for assigning a confidence score (e.g., orscores) to a matched utterance, and a decision block 1036 for decidingwhether the confidence score (e.g., or scores) exceed a confidence levelthreshold. As shown in the example of FIG. 10, based at least in part onthe decision block 1036, the method, per an acceptance block 1038, mayinclude accepting a matched utterance (e.g., as being recognized) or themethod, per a rejection block 1040, may include rejecting a matchedutterances (e.g., as not being recognized). In such an example, themethod may take one or more actions, for example, instructing one ormore of the applications 1050, etc. (e.g., presentation of text,entering a command, etc.).

As an example, a speech recognition system may include one or morestatistically-based speech recognition algorithms. As an example, aspeech recognition algorithm may include one or more Hidden MarkovModels (HMMs). As an example, a HMM may receive as input informationthat may be, for example, processed audio information. As an example, aHMM may output a sequence of symbols or quantities, for example, basedat least in part on input information. As an example, speech recognitionalgorithm may be trained, for example, by input of information that maybe based on speaking particular text, making particular sounds, etc.

As an example, a speech recognition system may include generation of oneor more vectors that may optionally be coefficients resulting from aFourier transform of a short time window of speech (e.g., optionallyprocessed audio data) and, for example, decorrelating a spectrum using acosine transform. In such an example, coefficients may be selected basedon order, significance, etc. As an example, a HMM may tend to include inindividual states a statistical distribution that may be a mixture ofdiagonal covariance Gaussians (e.g., that may give a likelihood for anobserved vector). As an example, individual words, individual phonemes(e.g., sounds), etc. may provide for a corresponding outputdistribution. As an example, a HMM for a sequence of sounds (e.g.,words, phonemes, etc.) may be generated by concatenating individualtrained HMMs for individual sounds (e.g., separate words, phonemes,etc.).

As an example, one or more components of or associated with a speechrecognition system may include one or more application programminginterfaces (APIs). As an example, an API may provide for making callsand receiving responses. As an example, an API may provide forinteractions between components such as, for example, components of oneor more of an audio processing system, a speech recognition system, anapplication, an operating system, etc.

As an example, a system, a method, etc. may be configurable to orconfigured for a particular spoken language. Some examples of languagesinclude the Indo-European languages (e.g., English, Spanish, Russian,Hindustani, etc.) and the Sino-Tibetan languages (e.g., MandarinChinese, Cantonese, Japanese, Korean, etc.). As an example, a system mayinclude circuitry for amplification of individualized formantfrequencies for a particular language or languages. As an example, asystem may include trainable circuitry that may be, for example, trainedfor a particular language or languages for an individual to generatetrained circuitry. As an example, such trained circuitry may provide foramplification of individualized formant frequencies for that individual.As an example, circuitry may be reset, retrained, etc., for example, foruse by another individual, for use with respect to another language,etc.

As an example, a speech recognition system may implement filteringtechniques that may be frequency dependent. As an example, speech (e.g.,audio signals or data) may have, in terms of frequencies, a bandwidth,for example, centered in a range that may vary from individual toindividual. As an example, speech resonances such as formants may varywith respect to physiology such as, for example, an individual's height(e.g., which may correspond to length of the vocal tract, etc.).

As an example, a method may include digitizing speech (e.g., audiosignals or data) by applying a low-pass filter, a high pass comb filter,and a noise reduction technique such as beam forming. In such anexample, cleanliness from artifacts of the noise reduced speech may varydepending on the frequency specific characteristics of such filters. Asdifferences may exist from individual to individual, a system thatoperates according to a fixed set of filter values may be sub-optimal(e.g., not work well when applied to various individuals). For example,the higher the high-pass filter used, the more aliasing artifacts mayleak into lower bands. Further, for example, the lower a low-pass filteris used, the more single-frequency noise components and their aliasedartifacts may show up in a signal. Yet further, for example, beamforming filters may introduce aliased noise spikes at lower multiples ofthe noise zero frequencies. As an example, a method that may implementone or more parameter values that are based at least in part onindividualized formant frequencies may provide “cleaner” output for anindividual. Such cleaner output may, in turn, enhance performance ofspeech recognition.

As an example, a method may include detecting a set of words (e.g., afirst few words of sentence, etc.) and analyzing the set of words todetermine a mode of the formative sounds within the sample (e.g., usinga vowel trapezoid framework, etc.). As an example, such a mode may beused as a basis for forming a model. As an example, a method may includeanalyzing as few as three words to determine a mode, for example,depending on the utterance (e.g., words, consonants, vowels, etc.). Asan example, a sweep of low, high, and noise reducing filters may beapplied to a mode, for example, using circuitry that may include digitalsignal processing (DSP) circuitry. As an example, outputs of such asweep may be analyzed, for example, in an effort to avoid introductionof aliasing artifacts (e.g., in regions of a formant space whereformants may occur). As an example, a method may include checking signalquality, for example, to avoid reduction in signal quality with respectto one or more formant frequencies. As an example, by analyzing one ormore sweeps, one or more values of one or more parameters may bedetermined (e.g., selected), for example, that produce the least amountof distortion and largest amount of noise reduction. In such an example,the one or more values may be implemented for processing additionalaudio signals, data, etc. (e.g., via filtering, amplifying, etc.). As anexample, parameters may include, for example, one or more of theparameters 990 of FIG. 9.

FIG. 11 shows an example of a device 1100 that may include audiocircuitry 1150. As shown, the device 1100 may be configured, forexample, as a watch, a phone, a tablet, a notebook, a desktop system, acamera, a GPS device or other device. As an example, a device may be avehicle, an appliance, a security system, a robot, etc.

As an example, the device 1100 may include one or more processors 1102,memory 1104, a power source 1106, one or more network interfaces 1108,sensor circuitry 1112, a display 1130 (e.g., or displays), and audiocircuitry 1150. As an example, audio circuitry 1150 may be operativelycoupled to a processor, may include a processor, etc. As an example, theaudio circuitry 1150 may be configured for one or more of acquiringaudio signals, filtering, amplifying, speech recognition, etc.

As an example, a method can include receiving audio data within a bandof frequencies; amplifying individualized formant frequencies within theband of frequencies; and outputting audio data that includes at leastone of the amplified individualized formant frequencies. Such an examplemay further include receiving audio data associated with an individual,analyzing the audio data associated with the individual for at least twovowels and, based at least in part on the analyzing, outputtingparameter values for amplifying the individualized formant frequencies.In such an example, the at least two vowels may include at least one of:a lower mid, central unrounded vowel; a lower back, mid unrounded vowel;and a lower high, back rounded vowel.

As an example, a method may include receiving audio data associated withan individual as a signal and audio data associated with ambient noisewhere, for example, the method includes amplifying that increases thesignal with respect to the ambient noise.

As an example, a method may include applying a low pass noise filterthat filters out ambient noise in the audio data that includesfrequencies above a low pass cut-off frequency. In such an example, themethod may include selecting the low pass cut-off frequency based atleast in part on an individualized mode defined in a formant frequencyspace.

As an example, a method may include applying a high pass noise filterthat filters out ambient noise in the audio data that includesfrequencies below a high pass cut-off frequency. In such an example, themethod may include selecting the high pass cut-off frequency based atleast in part on an individualized mode defined in a formant frequencyspace.

As an example, individualized formant frequencies may include frequencypairs that include a first formant frequency and a second formantfrequency. As an example, a method may include performing speechrecognition based at least in part on audio data that includes, atleast, amplified frequency pairs.

As an example, a system can include a processor; memory operativelycoupled to the processor; instructions stored in the memory andexecutable by the processor to instruct the system to: receive audiodata within a band of frequencies; amplify individualized formantfrequencies within the band of frequencies; and output audio data thatincludes at least one of the amplified individualized formantfrequencies. Such an example may include instructions to receive audiodata associated with an individual, analyze the audio data associatedwith the individual for at least two vowels and output parameter valuesfor amplification of the individualized formant frequencies. In such anexample, the at least two vowels may include at least one of: a lowermid, central unrounded vowel; a lower back, mid unrounded vowel; and alower high, back rounded vowel.

As an example, a system may include instructions to select at least onecut-off frequency for at least one pass filter based at least in part onan individualized mode in a formant frequency space. In such an example,the at least one pass filter may include a low pass filter, a high passfilter or a low pass filter and a high pass filter. As an example, asystem may include at least one pass filter that filters out frequenciesin audio data that do not lie within an individualized mode in a formantfrequency space.

As an example, a system may include instructions to amplifyindividualized formant frequencies that include pairs of frequency bandswhere each band includes a formant frequency associated with a vowel.

As an example, one or more computer-readable media may includeprocessor-executable instructions to instruct a computing device to:receive audio data within a band of frequencies; amplify individualizedformant frequencies within the band of frequencies; and output audiodata that includes at least one of the amplified individualized formantfrequencies. Such an example may include processor-executableinstructions to instruct a computing device to receive audio dataassociated with an individual, analyze the audio data associated withthe individual for at least two vowels and output parameter values foramplification of the individualized formant frequencies.

As an example, one or more computer-readable media may includeprocessor-executable instructions to instruct a computing device tofilter out frequencies below a high pass filter cut-off frequency and tofilter out frequencies above a low pass filter cut-off frequency where,for example, the cut-off frequencies are based on an individualized modein a formant frequency space.

As an example, an amplifier may include an input for audio signals; afrequency pair map for first and second formants of vowels;amplification circuitry to amplify audio signal frequencies according tothe frequency pair map; and an output for audio signals that comprise atleast amplified audio signal frequencies. Such an example may include atleast one pass filter that includes a pass frequency that passesfrequencies that lie within a vowel trapezoid. As an example, anamplifier may include at least one pass filter (e.g., a low pass filter,a high pass filter, a high pass filter and a low pass filter, etc.).

The term “circuit” or “circuitry” is used in the summary, description,and/or claims. As is well known in the art, the term “circuitry”includes all levels of available integration, e.g., from discrete logiccircuits to the highest level of circuit integration such as VLSI, andincludes programmable logic components programmed to perform thefunctions of an embodiment as well as general-purpose or special-purposeprocessors programmed with instructions to perform those functions. Suchcircuitry may optionally rely on one or more computer-readable mediathat includes computer-executable instructions. As described herein, acomputer-readable medium may be a storage device (e.g., a memory card, astorage disk, etc.) and referred to as a computer-readable storagemedium. As an example, a computer-readable medium may be acomputer-readable medium that is not a carrier wave.

While various examples of circuits or circuitry have been discussed,FIG. 12 depicts a block diagram of an illustrative computer system 1200.The system 1200 may be a computer system, such as one of theThinkCentre® or ThinkPad® series of personal computers sold by Lenovo(US) Inc. of Morrisville, N.C., or a workstation computer, such as theThinkStation®, which are sold by Lenovo (US) Inc. of Morrisville, N.C.;however, as apparent from the description herein, a satellite, a base, aserver or other machine may include other features or only some of thefeatures of the system 1200. As described herein, a device such as adevice illustrated in or described with respect to FIG. 11 (e.g., oranother device, etc.) may include at least some of the features of thesystem 1200.

As shown in FIG. 12, the system 1200 includes a so-called chipset 1210.A chipset refers to a group of integrated circuits, or chips, that aredesigned (e.g., configured) to work together. Chipsets are usuallymarketed as a single product (e.g., consider chipsets marketed under thebrands INTEL®, AMD®, etc.).

In the example of FIG. 12, the chipset 1210 has a particulararchitecture, which may vary to some extent depending on brand ormanufacturer. The architecture of the chipset 1210 includes a core andmemory control group 1220 and an I/O controller hub 1250 that exchangeinformation (e.g., data, signals, commands, etc.) via, for example, adirect management interface or direct media interface (DMI) 1242 or alink controller 1244. In the example of FIG. 12, the DMI 1242 is achip-to-chip interface (sometimes referred to as being a link between a“northbridge” and a “southbridge”).

The core and memory control group 1220 include one or more processors1222 (e.g., single core or multi-core) and a memory controller hub 1226that exchange information via a front side bus (FSB) 1224. As describedherein, various components of the core and memory control group 1220 maybe integrated onto a single processor die, for example, to make a chipthat supplants the conventional “northbridge” style architecture.

The memory controller hub 1226 interfaces with memory 1240. For example,the memory controller hub 1226 may provide support for DDR SDRAM memory(e.g., DDR, DDR2, DDR3, etc.). In general, the memory 1240 is a type ofrandom-access memory (RAM). It is often referred to as “system memory”.

The memory controller hub 1226 further includes a low-voltagedifferential signaling interface (LVDS) 1232. The LVDS 1232 may be aso-called LVDS Display Interface (LDI) for support of a display device1292 (e.g., a CRT, a flat panel, a projector, etc.). A block 1238includes some examples of technologies that may be supported via theLVDS interface 1232 (e.g., serial digital video, HDMI/DVI, displayport). The memory controller hub 1226 also includes one or morePCI-express interfaces (PCI-E) 1234, for example, for support ofdiscrete graphics 1236. Discrete graphics using a PCI-E interface hasbecome an alternative approach to an accelerated graphics port (AGP).For example, the memory controller hub 1226 may include a 16-lane (x16)PCI-E port for an external PCI-E-based graphics card. A system mayinclude AGP or PCI-E for support of graphics. As described herein, adisplay may be a sensor display (e.g., configured for receipt of inputusing a stylus, a finger, etc.). As described herein, a sensor displaymay rely on resistive sensing, optical sensing, or other type ofsensing.

The I/O hub controller 1250 includes a variety of interfaces. Theexample of FIG. 12 includes a SATA interface 1251, one or more PCI-Einterfaces 1252 (optionally one or more legacy PCI interfaces), one ormore USB interfaces 1253, a LAN interface 1254 (more generally a networkinterface), a general purpose I/O interface (GPIO) 1255, a low-pin count(LPC) interface 1270, a power management interface 1261, a clockgenerator interface 1262, an audio interface 1263 (e.g., for speakers1294), a total cost of operation (TCO) interface 1264, a systemmanagement bus interface (e.g., a multi-master serial computer businterface) 1265, and a serial peripheral flash memory/controllerinterface (SPI Flash) 1266, which, in the example of FIG. 12, includesBIOS 1268 and boot code 1290. With respect to network connections, theI/O hub controller 1250 may include integrated gigabit Ethernetcontroller lines multiplexed with a PCI-E interface port. Other networkfeatures may operate independent of a PCI-E interface.

The interfaces of the I/O hub controller 1250 provide for communicationwith various devices, networks, etc. For example, the SATA interface1251 provides for reading, writing or reading and writing information onone or more drives 1280 such as HDDs, SDDs or a combination thereof. TheI/O hub controller 1250 may also include an advanced host controllerinterface (AHCI) to support one or more drives 1280. The PCI-E interface1252 allows for wireless connections 1282 to devices, networks, etc. TheUSB interface 1253 provides for input devices 1284 such as keyboards(KB), one or more optical sensors, mice and various other devices (e.g.,microphones, cameras, phones, storage, media players, etc.). On or moreother types of sensors may optionally rely on the USB interface 1253 oranother interface (e.g., I²C, etc.). As to microphones, the system 1200of FIG. 12 may include hardware (e.g., audio card) appropriatelyconfigured for receipt of sound (e.g., user voice, ambient sound, etc.).

In the example of FIG. 12, the LPC interface 1270 provides for use ofone or more ASICs 1271, a trusted platform module (TPM) 1272, a superI/O 1273, a firmware hub 1274, BIOS support 1275 as well as varioustypes of memory 1276 such as ROM 1277, Flash 1278, and non-volatile RAM(NVRAM) 1279. With respect to the TPM 1272, this module may be in theform of a chip that can be used to authenticate software and hardwaredevices. For example, a TPM may be capable of performing platformauthentication and may be used to verify that a system seeking access isthe expected system.

The system 1200, upon power on, may be configured to execute boot code1290 for the BIOS 1268, as stored within the SPI Flash 1266, andthereafter processes data under the control of one or more operatingsystems and application software (e.g., stored in system memory 1240).An operating system may be stored in any of a variety of locations andaccessed, for example, according to instructions of the BIOS 1268.Again, as described herein, a satellite, a base, a server or othermachine may include fewer or more features than shown in the system 1200of FIG. 12. Further, the system 1200 of FIG. 12 is shown as optionallyinclude cell phone circuitry 1295, which may include GSM, CDMA, etc.,types of circuitry configured for coordinated operation with one or moreof the other features of the system 1200. Also shown in FIG. 12 isbattery circuitry 1297, which may provide one or more battery, power,etc., associated features (e.g., optionally to instruct one or moreother components of the system 1200). As an example, a SMBus may beoperable via a LPC (see, e.g., the LPC interface 1270), via an I²Cinterface (see, e.g., the SM/I²C interface 1265), etc.

CONCLUSION

Although examples of methods, devices, systems, etc., have beendescribed in language specific to structural features and/ormethodological acts, it is to be understood that the subject matterdefined in the appended claims is not necessarily limited to thespecific features or acts described. Rather, the specific features andacts are disclosed as examples of forms of implementing the claimedmethods, devices, systems, etc.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method comprising: receiving audio data withina band of frequencies; amplifying individualized formant frequencieswithin the band of frequencies; and outputting audio data that comprisesat least one of the amplified individualized formant frequencies.
 2. Themethod of claim 1 further comprising receiving audio data associatedwith an individual, analyzing the audio data associated with theindividual for at least two vowels and, based at least in part on theanalyzing, outputting parameter values for amplifying the individualizedformant frequencies.
 3. The method of claim 2 wherein the at least twovowels comprise at least one of: a lower mid, central unrounded vowel; alower back, mid unrounded vowel; and a lower high, back rounded vowel.4. The method of claim 1 wherein receiving audio data comprisesreceiving audio data associated with an individual as a signal and audiodata associated with ambient noise and wherein the amplifying increasesthe signal with respect to the ambient noise.
 5. The method of claim 1comprising applying a low pass noise filter that filters out ambientnoise in the audio data that comprises frequencies above a low passcut-off frequency.
 6. The method of claim 5 comprising selecting the lowpass cut-off frequency based at least in part on an individualized modedefined in a formant frequency space.
 7. The method of claim 1comprising applying a high pass noise filter that filters out ambientnoise in the audio data that comprises frequencies below a high passcut-off frequency.
 8. The method of claim 7 comprising selecting thehigh pass cut-off frequency based at least in part on an individualizedmode defined in a formant frequency space.
 9. The method of claim 1wherein the individualized formant frequencies comprise frequency pairsthat comprise a first formant frequency and a second formant frequency.10. The method of claim 9 comprising performing speech recognition basedat least in part on the audio data that comprises at least the amplifiedfrequency pairs.
 11. A system comprising: a processor; memoryoperatively coupled to the processor; instructions stored in the memoryand executable by the processor to instruct the system to: receive audiodata within a band of frequencies; amplify individualized formantfrequencies within the band of frequencies; and output audio data thatcomprises at least one of the amplified individualized formantfrequencies.
 12. The system of claim 11 further comprising instructionsto receive audio data associated with an individual, analyze the audiodata associated with the individual for at least two vowels and outputparameter values for amplification of the individualized formantfrequencies.
 13. The system of claim 12 wherein the at least two vowelscomprise at least one of: a lower mid, central unrounded vowel; a lowerback, mid unrounded vowel; and a lower high, back rounded vowel.
 14. Thesystem of claim 11 comprising instructions to select at least onecut-off frequency for at least one pass filter based at least in part onan individualized mode in a formant frequency space.
 15. The system ofclaim 14 wherein the at least one pass filter comprises a low passfilter, a high pass filter or a low pass filter and a high pass filter.16. The system of claim 14 wherein the at least one pass filter filtersout frequencies in audio data that do not lie within an individualizedmode in a formant frequency space.
 17. The system of claim 11 whereinthe instructions to amplify individualized formant frequencies comprisepairs of frequency bands wherein each band comprises a formant frequencyassociated with a vowel.
 18. One or more computer-readable mediacomprising processor-executable instructions to instruct a computingdevice to: receive audio data within a band of frequencies; amplifyindividualized formant frequencies within the band of frequencies; andoutput audio data that comprises at least one of the amplifiedindividualized formant frequencies.
 19. The one or morecomputer-readable media of claim 18 further comprisingprocessor-executable instructions to instruct a computing device toreceive audio data associated with an individual, analyze the audio dataassociated with the individual for at least two vowels and outputparameter values for amplification of the individualized formantfrequencies.
 20. The one or more computer-readable media of claim 18further comprising processor-executable instructions to instruct acomputing device to filter out frequencies below a high pass filtercut-off frequency and to filter out frequencies above a low pass filtercut-off frequency wherein the cut-off frequencies are based on anindividualized mode in a formant frequency space.